(text-colour:#a5d8ff)[''Sci-HiStory: Galileo's Discovery''] //by: James Carl Apruebo// (text-colour:green)[Side note: To undo your choices, you can use the undo button in the top left corner and to redo you can click the redo button in the top right corner. You can click anything that is color blue.] <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/pjkgQX4/OIG1-w6-Kzb-Khxk-FNY.jpg"/> The year is 1609, and you, [[Galileo Galilei]], are in your study in [[Padua, Italy]]. The room is filled with books, manuscripts, and various scientific instruments. The air is thick with the scent of ink and parchment, and the soft glow of candlelight illuminates your workspace. [[next]]<style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/Pmv96D0/OIG2.jpg"/> You have recently heard about a new invention from the [[Netherlands]]—a device called the [[telescope]]. Intrigued by its potential, you decide to build your own version. [[Complete your own version of telescope]]<style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/52/752-050-CA91D3CB/Two-Galileo-telescopes-Institute-and-Museum-of.jpg"/> After days of [[meticulous]] work, you finally complete your telescope. The moment of truth has arrived. [[Observe the Moon]]<style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Galileo_Galilei_%281564-1642%29._Oil_painting_after_Justus_Suste_Wellcome_V0017867.jpg/1791px-Galileo_Galilei_%281564-1642%29._Oil_painting_after_Justus_Suste_Wellcome_V0017867.jpg"/> Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) has always played a key role in any history of science, as well as many histories of philosophy. He is a—if not the—central figure of the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century. His work in physics (or “natural philosophy”), astronomy, and the methodology of science still evoke debate after more than 400 years. His role in promoting the Copernican theory and his travails and trials with the Roman Church are stories that still require re-telling. This article attempts to provide an overview of these aspects of Galileo’s life and work, but does so by focusing in a new way on his arguments concerning the nature of matter. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/<style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQn4CJxRYpy22TfeTxnWJTpHbPJBTltu4aIhffeW_vg66mVyHrHXenbfkHY&s=10"/> Telescope, device used to form magnified images of distant objects. The telescope is undoubtedly the most important investigative tool in astronomy. It provides a means of collecting and analyzing radiation from celestial objects, even those in the far reaches of the universe. https://www.britannica.com/science/optical-telescopeYou point your telescope towards the Moon, expecting to see a smooth, perfect sphere as described by ancient philosophers. To your astonishment, you observe a rugged, mountainous surface with craters and valleys. This discovery challenges the [[Aristotelian]] view of celestial perfection. <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/mHvDyc9/OIG1-Up-plrb.jpg"/> You document your observations meticulously, realizing that the Moon is not a perfect, unchanging body. This revelation fuels your curiosity and determination to explore further. [[Observe Jupiter]]You decide to observe Jupiter, the largest planet in the night sky. Through your telescope, you notice four small "stars" near Jupiter. Over several nights, you observe these "stars" moving in a regular pattern around the planet. You realize they are moons orbiting Jupiter, not stars. <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/SJsr4Wc/OIG1-fvnknq-S2-UXg-Ub-C.jpg"/> This discovery provides strong evidence against the [[geocentric model]], which posits that all celestial bodies revolve around the Earth. You name these moons the "[[Medicean Stars]]" in honor of your patrons, the [[Medici family]]. [[Observe the Milky Way]]<style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSWHI-x83gPBNCew96TrYezA4Ellti-_dzojuQoGR1SzndjSN15XaekfeU&s=10"/> Galileo proposed that the four Jovian moons he discovered in 1610 be named the Medicean stars, in honour of his patron, Cosimo II de’ Medici, but they soon came to be known as the Galilean satellites in honour of their discoverer. Galileo regarded their existence as a fundamental argument in favour of the Copernican model of the solar system, in which the planets orbit the Sun. Their orbits around Jupiter were in flagrant violation of the Ptolemaic system, in which all celestial objects must move around Earth. In order of increasing distance from the planet, these satellites are called Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, for figures closely associated with Jupiter in Greek mythology. The names were assigned by the German astronomer Simon Marius, Galileo’s contemporary and rival, who likely discovered the satellites independently. There proved to be a particular aptness in the choice of Io’s name: Io—“the wanderer” (Greek iōn, “going”)—has an indirect influence on the ionosphere of Jupiter, as discussed above. https://www.britannica.com/place/Jupiter-planet/The-Galilean-satellites <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRUZRlNWWBUfrCKN8ShcvWAUTh64Dmiyx9vmQ&usqp=CAU"/> The Medici family, also known as the House of Medici, first attained wealth and political power in Florence, Italy, in the 13th century through its success in commerce and banking. Beginning in 1434 with the rise to power of Cosimo de Medici (or Cosimo the Elder), the family’s patronage of the arts and humanities made Florence into the cradle of the Renaissance, Europe’s scientific, artistic and cultural rebirth. The Medicis produced four popes (Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV and Leo XI), and their genes have been mixed into many of Europe’s royal families. The last Medici ruler died without a male heir in 1737, ending the family dynasty after almost three centuries. https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/medici-family You turn your telescope towards the Milky Way, a mysterious band of light stretching across the sky. To your amazement, you see that it is composed of countless individual stars, far more than can be seen with the naked eye. <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/NyLRdKQ/OIG2-1.jpg"/> This observation challenges the notion of a finite, unchanging universe and suggests that the cosmos is far more vast and complex than previously imagined. [[Then.]] <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Houghton_IC6.G1333.610s_-_Sidereus_nuncius.jpg"/> In 1610, Galileo Galilei began a scientific revolution when he shared a new way of studying the universe in his book Siderius Nuncius. Sidereus Nuncius means “Starry Messenger” in Latin. Galilei viewed the 550 copies of his book as messengers of his technological and scientific discoveries. In Siderius Nuncius, Galilei described the telescope and shared two revolutionary discoveries he had made using his new telescope. https://huntington.org/educators/learning-resources/spotlight/sidereus-nuncius<style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/92/121192-050-CEA189FC/Aristotle-Greek-Philosopher-Joos-Ghent-Pedro-Berruguete.jpg"/> Aristotelianism, the philosophy of Aristotle and of those later philosophical movements based on his thought. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aristotelianism <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT1OTVpdGx5USvprnLCP4hNM87aPqpAGWrlJhfS2jzp4NnPg0IfzM__ZUyv&s=10"/> Padua is a city in Northern Italy’s Veneto region. It’s known for the frescoes by Giotto in its Scrovegni Chapel from 1303–05 and the vast 13th-century Basilica of St. Anthony. The basilica, with its Byzantine-style domes and notable artworks, contains the namesake saint’s tomb. In Padua's old town are arcaded streets and stylish cafes frequented by students of the University of Padua, established in 1222.<style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQeP8_rUxRP-VVHpv81SqW7U3UGoYomsD-MCy6qk9AdHYeG5-IwoxStt1L5&s=10"/> The Netherlands, a country in northwestern Europe, is known for a flat landscape of canals, tulip fields, windmills and cycling routes. Amsterdam, the capital, is home to the Rijksmuseum, Van Gogh Museum and the house where Jewish diarist Anne Frank hid during WWII. Canalside mansions and a trove of works from artists including Rembrandt and Vermeer remain from the city's 17th-century "Golden Age."''meticulous '' -adjective -showing great attention to detail; very careful and precise.<style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQVx0j1hr7m6bF7oCf8zgaiQXyE4Xqln4CaZ96_P9-PTXalCe_DWWALAn3Z&s=10"/> The geocentric model is a debunked theory that the Earth is the center of the universe, with the sun and planets revolving around it. https://www.space.com/geocentric-model (text-colour:red)[Disclaimer:] (text-colour:yellow)[This interactive game is created for educational and entertainment purposes only. I do not own any of the images used in this game; all images are sourced from publicly available resources and are the property of their respective owners. The interactive story and its content are not for sale and are intended solely for use within our club activities. All trademarks, logos, and brand names are the property of their respective owners. No copyright infringement is intended. If you are the rightful owner of any content used in this game and wish to have it removed, please contact us, and we will promptly address your concerns.] [[Start]] <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/9cXY2wb/download.png"/> The year is 1610, and your book “[[Sidereus Nuncius]]” has just been published. The scientific community is abuzz with your discoveries, but so is the Church. You are in [[Florence]], under the patronage of the powerful [[Medici family]], who have provided you with protection and support. [[next.]]Your discoveries ignite a passion for further exploration. You begin to share your findings with trusted colleagues and patrons, including the powerful [[Medici family]]. Your observations are groundbreaking, but you are aware that they will challenge deeply entrenched beliefs. <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/xmbbRFn/OIG2-2.jpg"/> You decide to compile your findings into a book, "[[Sidereus Nuncius]]" (The Starry Messenger), and publish it in 1610. The book causes a sensation in the scientific community and beyond, earning you both admiration and suspicion. [[Then..]] <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img 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"/> Florence, capital of Italy’s Tuscany region, is home to many masterpieces of Renaissance art and architecture. One of its most iconic sights is the Duomo, a cathedral with a terracotta-tiled dome engineered by Brunelleschi and a bell tower by Giotto. The Galleria dell'Accademia displays Michelangelo’s “David” sculpture. The Uffizi Gallery exhibits Botticelli’s “The Birth of Venus” and da Vinci’s “Annunciation.” <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/y0RN2wp/download-1.png"/> Your groundbreaking observations have earned you both acclaim and suspicion. The [[heliocentric theory]], which suggests that the Earth revolves around the Sun, directly contradicts the [[geocentric model]] endorsed by the Catholic Church. As your fame grows, so does the scrutiny from religious authorities. [[Continue your observations and gather more evidence to support the heliocentric theory.]] [[Seek the support of influential patrons to protect and promote your work.]] [[Prepare for potential opposition from the Church and other authorities.]]<style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Copernican_heliocentrism_diagram-2.jpg/1200px-Copernican_heliocentrism_diagram-2.jpg"/> heliocentrism, a cosmological model in which the Sun is assumed to lie at or near a central point (e.g., of the solar system or of the universe) while the Earth and other bodies revolve around it. https://www.britannica.com/science/heliocentrism <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/gZkhj5r/download-2.png"/> Determined to gather more evidence, you continue your nightly observations. You discover the phases of Venus, which further support the heliocentric model or [[heliocentric theory]]. You also observe [[sunspots]], challenging the notion of celestial perfection. Your findings are irrefutable, but they attract even more attention from the Church. You are summoned to Rome to explain your discoveries. [[then...]]Understanding the growing threat, you seek the support of influential patrons. You write letters to powerful figures, including the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo II de’ Medici, and Cardinal Maffeo Barberini (the future Pope Urban VIII), explaining your findings and their significance. <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/n05MfMM/photo2pixel-download-8.png"/> Your patrons provide you with protection and advocate for your work, but the Church remains wary of your ideas. [[then...]]Anticipating opposition, you begin to prepare your defense. You study the works of Copernicus and other astronomers, gathering evidence and refining your arguments. You also start writing a new book, “[[Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems]],” to present your case in a more accessible way. <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/QY6F9vt/photo2pixel-download-1.png"/> Your preparations strengthen your position, but you know that a confrontation with the Church is inevitable. [[then...]]<style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/7pzL6GW/photo2pixel-download-2.png"/> The tension between your scientific discoveries and the Church’s teachings continues to escalate. In 1616, the Church formally declares the [[heliocentric theory]] to be heretical, and you are ordered to abandon your support for it. You comply publicly but continue your research in secret. [[Travel to Rome to defend your findings before the Inquisition.]] [[Focus on building a network of supporters within the scientific community.]] [[Continue your research and writing in secret, preparing for the day when you can present your findings openly.]]<style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQB4rp9yXmAUyuz3IPP10SCYr85m6SHIbQo0hCAs0ws1zMI-d6Gx1V2uI_o&s=10"/> In Galileo: Galileo’s Copernicanism …mondo, tolemaico e copernicano (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic & Copernican), was finished in 1630, and Galileo sent it to the Roman censor. Because of an outbreak of the plague, communications between Florence and Rome were interrupted, and Galileo asked for the censoring to be done… https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dialogue-Concerning-the-Two-Chief-World-Systems-Ptolemaic-and-Copernican<style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT7t9V592-02WBgm2GNSv5ukPfpb3Jx7q8y2w&s"/> Occasionally, dark spots freckle the face of the Sun. These are sunspots, cooler regions on the Sun caused by a concentration of magnetic field lines. Sunspots are the visible component of active regions, areas of intense and complex magnetic fields on the Sun that are the source of solar eruptions. Sunspots can be seen on the Sun’s photosphere, or visible surface of the Sun. https://science.nasa.gov/sun/sunspots/ Determined to defend your scientific discoveries, you travel to Rome to present your case before the Inquisition. You bring with you detailed observations and arguments, hoping to convince the Church of the validity of the heliocentric model. <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/jzcnh0h/photo2pixel-download-3.png"/> Your defense is articulate and compelling, but the Inquisition remains unconvinced. They order you to abandon your support for the [[heliocentric theory]] and to cease teaching or discussing it. You comply publicly but continue your research in secret. [[then....]]Understanding the growing threat from the Church, you decide to strengthen your alliances within the scientific community. You correspond with other astronomers and scientists across Europe, sharing your findings and gathering support. You also seek the backing of influential patrons who can provide protection and advocacy. <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/Fg6RcNz/photo2pixel-download-5.png"/> Your network of supporters grows, and you gain a degree of protection from influential figures. However, the Church remains wary, and the threat of formal opposition looms. You continue your research discreetly, preparing for the day when you can present your findings openly. [[Travel to Rome to defend your findings before the Inquisition.]]Recognizing the danger, you decide to comply with the Church’s orders publicly but continue your research in secret. You work on your new book, “[[Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems]],” which presents the heliocentric and geocentric models in a comparative format, aiming to make your case more accessible and persuasive. <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/p2JJVt7/photo2pixel-download-6.png"/> Your preparations strengthen your position, and your new book garners interest and support from the scientific community. However, you know that a confrontation with the Church is inevitable, and you must be ready to defend your findings. [[Travel to Rome to defend your findings before the Inquisition.]]<style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/xJkgqK1/photo2pixel-download-9.png"/> The year is 1633, and you are once again in Rome, summoned by the Roman Catholic Inquisition. The city is tense, and the stakes are higher than ever. Your book, “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems,” has reignited the controversy over the heliocentric theory. [[Defend your book and findings before the Inquisition, risking severe punishment.]] [[Seek a compromise with the Church to avoid harsh penalties.]]Determined to stand by your scientific principles, you present your defense before the Inquisition. You argue that your book is a balanced discussion of both the heliocentric and geocentric models, intended to stimulate intellectual debate rather than promote heresy. You emphasize the empirical evidence supporting the heliocentric theory. <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/wrD6tcr/photo2pixel-download-10.png"/> Despite your eloquent defense, the Inquisition finds you “vehemently suspect of heresy.” You are forced to recant your views publicly and are sentenced to house arrest for the remainder of your life. However, your steadfastness inspires future generations of scientists. [[Ending]]Aware of the severe consequences, you attempt to find a middle ground with the Church. You propose that the heliocentric model be considered a useful mathematical hypothesis rather than a physical reality, hoping to avoid harsh penalties while still preserving the integrity of your work. <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/DDxc2K0/photo2pixel-download-11.png"/> The Church is somewhat appeased by your compromise, but you are still required to recant your views publicly. You are placed under house arrest, but the punishment is less severe. Your compromise allows you to continue your work discreetly. [[Ending]]Regardless of your choice, you end up under a house arrest in Arcetri, near [[Florence]]. Despite the restrictions, you continue your scientific work, writing “[[Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences]],” which lays the groundwork for classical mechanics. <style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/5R7C5qJ/photo2pixel-download-12.png"/> Your contributions to science endure long after your death. The [[heliocentric theory]] eventually gains widespread acceptance, and your work is recognized as foundational to modern astronomy and physics. You become a symbol of the struggle for intellectual freedom and the pursuit of truth. [[Congrats]]<style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Galileo_Galilei%2C_Discorsi_e_Dimostrazioni_Matematiche_Intorno_a_Due_Nuove_Scienze%2C_1638_%281400x1400%29.png/1200px-Galileo_Galilei%2C_Discorsi_e_Dimostrazioni_Matematiche_Intorno_a_Due_Nuove_Scienze%2C_1638_%281400x1400%29.png"/> The Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences (Italian: Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze pronounced [diˈskorsi e ddimostratˈtsjoːni mateˈmaːtike inˈtorno a dˈduːe ˈnwɔːve ʃˈʃɛntse]) published in 1638 was Galileo Galilei's final book and a scientific testament covering much of his work in physics over the preceding thirty years. It was written partly in Italian and partly in Latin.<style> img { max-width:100%; max-height: 100%; } </style> <img src="https://i.ibb.co/68ZJCkF/download-3.png"/> Well done, Science Enthusiasts!!! You have successfully navigated the challenges and choices of The Galileo Affair, although Galileo's faith cannot change. Your unwavering commitment to the search for truth and knowledge has permanently altered the course of scientific history. Future generations of scientists and philosophers have been inspired by your trip, regardless of whether you remained steadfast in your convictions, looked for compromise, or carried out research covertly. We appreciate you playing and your dedication to the spirit of exploration. Those who dare to look beyond the horizon will always be guided by the stars. Presented by the San Bartolome High School's Science Club. Keep exploring, keep questioning, and keep reaching for the stars!